In 2000, the United States declared that measles had been officially eliminated as a contagious disease, as there had been no person-to-person transmissions in the previous twelve months. That feat was achieved due to the effectiveness of the MMR vaccine and high vaccination rates. However, as of May 16, 2025, there were over 718 reported cases of measles, including two deaths in West Texas and another 50 cases in New Mexico. Most measles cases in this recent outbreak are occurring in unvaccinated children between the ages of 5 and 17. This troubling trend prompted ThinkNow to conduct a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 U.S. adults on attitudes and behaviors surrounding vaccination, and the results are concerning.
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Herd immunity against infectious diseases requires a 95% vaccination rate. Back in 2000, the vaccination rate was 90.5%, demonstrating that disease elimination is possible with slightly lower coverage. Our recent study, conducted in March and April of this year, found that 86% of parents have vaccinated or plan to vaccinate their children against illnesses like measles, polio, and chicken pox. That percentage may increase as more children enroll in school. Still, the widening gap between current levels and the herd-immunity threshold contributes to the size and scope of today’s outbreak.
Further complicating prevention efforts is the variability in vaccination rates, from 79.6% to 98.3%, across states and within communities. Gaines County, the epicenter of the current Texas outbreak, has an 82% vaccination rate, largely attributed to many Mennonite families in the area who opt out of childhood vaccinations. At a national level, our study found that aside from religious exemptions, parental age and race significantly influence vaccination decisions. While 12% of parents overall say they don’t plan to vaccinate their children, that number rises to 29% among African American parents and 17% among Gen Z parents.
The most cited reason for vaccine hesitancy is the belief that immunization is unnecessary. This perception is especially prevalent among Gen Z parents who opt out of vaccinations. Concerns about adverse reactions and misinformation about vaccine ingredients also play a significant role.
Key findings from vaccine-hesitant parents include:
These attitudes point to a clear need for better education and communication, particularly among younger parents and communities of color, about the role vaccines play in preventing serious illness.
While 61% of parents overall report confidence in the safety of childhood vaccines, only 39% of Gen Z parents say the same. Nearly one-third of Gen Z respondents say they’re neutral on the issue. In contrast, confidence among older generations is much higher, 70% among Gen X and 72% among Baby Boomers. These generational differences suggest a broader erosion of trust in public institutions and medical guidance among younger adults, an emerging challenge for public health leaders.
Physicians remain the most trusted source of information about vaccines, cited by 76% of respondents. However, social media and online influencers are increasingly shaping the views of younger and minority parents. Among African Americans who support vaccination, 30% say online sources have influenced them. Among Gen Z, while most still cite doctors as a top source, many also report being swayed by peers, influencers, and online content.
To improve vaccine uptake, public awareness campaigns must reach younger parents where they are—on social platforms—and reinforce science-based messages through trusted, culturally relevant voices.
One-third of parents who oppose childhood vaccination say nothing could change their minds. But not all are immovable:
These findings point to the potential power of community storytelling and consistent, transparent communication in shifting attitudes.
Seventy-one percent of parents believe vaccines should be required for public school attendance, regardless of exemptions. However, among Gen Z parents, support for mandates drops. Fifty-two percent believe vaccination should be entirely optional, compared to just 15% of Boomers. Still, many parents acknowledge the broader social benefit of vaccines. The idea that immunization protects not just one child but the entire community continues to resonate, even among those with reservations.
Our recent findings reveal a shifting landscape. While most U.S. parents continue to support childhood vaccinations, confidence is slipping, particularly among Gen Z and African American parents. Addressing this decline in trust will require more than data points. Listening, cultural understanding, and amplifying trusted voices within communities will be necessary to shift the conversation.
As we confront the re-emergence of preventable diseases, rebuilding vaccine confidence must be a top priority. Because when trust breaks down, the consequences ripple far beyond the individual and put us all at risk.
Download the report here.
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